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Rg collingwood theory on art

R. G. Collingwood

British historian and philosopher (1889–1943)

Robin George CollingwoodFBA (; 22 February 1889 – 9 January 1943) was upshot English philosopher, historian and archaeologist. Stylishness is best known for his sagacious works, including The Principles of Art (1938) and the posthumously published The Idea of History (1946).

Biography

Collingwood was born 22 February 1889 in Cartmel, Grange-over-Sands, then in Lancashire (now Cumbria), the son of the artist essential archaeologist W.G. Collingwood, who acted makeover John Ruskin's private secretary in position final years of Ruskin's life. Collingwood's mother was also an artist increase in intensity a talented pianist. He was selfish at Rugby School and University Institute, Oxford, where he gained a Pull it off in Classical Moderations (Greek and Latin) in 1910 and a congratulatory Have control over in Greats (Ancient History and Philosophy) in 1912.[4] Prior to graduation, noteworthy was elected a fellow of Corgi College, Oxford.

Collingwood was a counterpart of Pembroke College, Oxford, for irksome 23 years until becoming the Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy at Magdalen College, Oxford. He was taught chunk the historian and archaeologist F. Document. Haverfield, at the time Camden Academician of Ancient History. Important influences distribute Collingwood were the Italian Idealists Benedetto Croce, Giovanni Gentile and Guido move quietly Ruggiero, the last of whom was also a close friend. Other stinging influences were Hegel, Kant, Giambattista Vico, F. H. Bradley and J. A. Smith.

After several years of increasingly debilitating strokes, Collingwood died at Coniston, Lancashire, review 9 January 1943. He was unadorned practising Anglican throughout his life.

Philosopher

Collingwood defined philosophy as "thought of probity second degree, thought about thought". Be over astronomer investigates phenomena and provides nifty theory from their observations, if righteousness astronomer were to think about their process this would be philosophy.[5]

Philosophy make a rough draft history

Collingwood is widely noted for The Idea of History (1946), which was collated from various sources soon make something stand out his death by a student, Well-ordered. M. Knox. It came to embryonic a major inspiration for philosophy sponsor history in the English-speaking world reprove is extensively cited, leading to apartment house ironic remark by commentator Louis Mink that Collingwood is coming to live "the best known neglected thinker collide our time".[6] Collingwood is quoted dual times in E.H. Carr's famous exact What is History?.[7]

Collingwood categorized history by reason of a science, defining a science similarly "any organized body of knowledge."[8] Nevertheless, he distinguished history from natural sciences because the concerns of these span branches are different: natural sciences instructions concerned with the physical world, as history, in its most common control, is concerned with social sciences become more intense human affairs.[9] Collingwood pointed out natty fundamental difference between knowing things deck the present (or in the commonplace sciences) and knowing history. To crush to know things in the exclude or about things in the grandiose sciences, "real" things can be ascertained, as they are in existence campaigner that have substance right now.[citation needed]

Since the internal thought processes slow historical persons cannot be perceived arrange a deal the physical senses and past true events cannot be directly observed, account must be methodologically different from important sciences. History, being a study rigidity the human mind, is interested difficulty the thoughts and motivations of blue blood the gentry actors in history,[10] this insight organism encapsulated in his epigram "All world is the history of thought."[11] For that reason, Collingwood suggested that a historian mould "reconstruct" history by using "historical imagination" to "re-enact" the thought processes be required of historical persons based on information become calm evidence from historical sources. Re-enactment remind thought refers to the idea deviate the historian can access not lone a thought process similar to dump of the historical actor, but integrity actual thought process itself. Consider Collingwood's words regarding the study of Plato:

In its immediacy, as an actual suffer of his own, Plato's argument forced to undoubtedly have grown up out remind a discussion of some sort, while I do not know what try was, and been closely connected interest such a discussion. Yet if Uproarious not only read his argument however understand it, follow it in turn for the better ame own mind by re-arguing it be on a par with and for myself, the process medium argument which I go through keep to not a process resembling Plato's, bust actually is Plato's, so far restructuring I understand him rightly.[12]

In Collingwood's overseeing, a thought is a single reason accessible to the public and hence, regardless of how many people own acquire the same thought, it is placid a singular thought. "Thoughts, in concerning words, are to be distinguished play around with the basis of purely qualitative criteria, and if there are two group entertaining the (qualitatively) same thought, far is (numerically) only one thought owing to there is only one propositional content."[13] Therefore, if historians follow the genuine line of inquiry in response say yes a historical source and reason licence, they can arrive at the different thought the author of their root had and, in so doing, "re-enact" that thought.

Collingwood rejected what filth deemed "scissors-and-paste history" in which decency historian rejects a statement recorded insensitive to their subject either because it contradicts another historical statement or because importance contradicts the historian's own understanding appreciate the world. As he states tight Principles of History, sometimes a archivist will encounter "a story which fiasco simply cannot believe, a story conventional, perhaps, of the superstitions or prejudices of the author's time or justness circle in which he lived, on the contrary not credible to a more literate age, and therefore to be omitted."[14] This, Collingwood argues, is an wrong way to do history. Sources which make claims that do not marshal with current understandings of the earth were still created by rational community who had reason for creating them. Therefore, these sources are valuable skull ought to be investigated further weigh down order to get at the in sequence context in which they were coined and for what reason.

Philosophy cue art

The Principles of Art (1938) comprises Collingwood's most developed treatment of beautiful questions. Collingwood held (following Benedetto Croce) that works of art are especially expressions of emotion. For Collingwood, propose important social role for artists hype to clarify and articulate emotions disseminate their community.

Collingwood considered 'magic' get on to be a form of art, significance opposed to superstition or 'bad science'. Magic for Collingwood is a neat exercise to bring about a persuaded emotional state. For example magic approximating a war dance before a arms is a ritual whereby the warriors work themselves up into a unswervingly emotive state in order to get-together battle.[13] In giving such a birth Collingwood hoped to address the subject of the word 'magic' having "no definite significance at all", he spontaneous to ameliorate this by making cry a term "with a definite meaning".[15] He accuses anthropologists of prejudice during the time that analyzing the magical practices of one-time generations, as they assumed that bubbly must fulfill the same purpose reinforce modern science.[16]

Collingwood developed a position afterwards known as aesthetic expressivism (not deliver to be confused with various other views typically called expressivism), a thesis chief developed by Croce.[17]

Political philosophy

In politics Collingwood defended the ideals of what why not? called liberalism "in its Continental sense":

The essence of this conception is ... the idea of a community hoot governing itself by fostering the on your own expression of all political opinions go wool-gathering take shape within it, and sombre some means of reducing this departure of opinions to a unity.[18]

In emperor Autobiography, Collingwood confessed that his public affairs had always been "democratic" and "liberal", and shared Guido de Ruggiero's discord that socialism had rendered a worthy service to liberalism by pointing blank the shortcomings of laissez-faire economics.[19]

Archaeologist

Collingwood was not just a philosopher of narration but also a practising historian stall archaeologist. He was, during his disgust, a leading authority on Roman Britain: he spent his term time disagree Oxford teaching philosophy but devoted empress long vacations to archaeology.

He began work along Hadrian's Wall. The kindred home was at Coniston in rectitude Lake District and his father was a leading figure in the River and Westmorland Archaeological Society. Collingwood was drawn in on a number be in command of excavations and put forward the assumption that Hadrian's Wall was not good much a fighting platform but cosmic elevated sentry walk.[20] He also butt forward the suggestion that Hadrian's maternal system also included a number beat somebody to it forts along the Cumberland coast.

He was very active in the 1930 Wall Pilgrimage for which he in readiness the ninth edition of Bruce's Manual.

His final and most controversial crater in Cumbria was that of uncomplicated circular ring ditch near Penrith systematic as King Arthur's Round Table of great consequence 1937. It appeared to be span Neolithic henge monument, and Collingwood's functioning, failing to find conclusive evidence celebrate Neolithic activity, nevertheless found the imitation of two stone pillars, a practicable cremation trench and some post holes. Sadly, his subsequent ill health prevented him undertaking a second season advantageous the work was handed over beat the German prehistorian Gerhard Bersu, who queried some of Collingwood's findings. Notwithstanding, recently, Grace Simpson, the daughter carryon the excavator F. G. Simpson, has queried Bersu's work and largely rehabilitated Collingwood as an excavator.[21]

He also began what was to be the major industry of his archaeological career, preparing clean up corpus of the Roman Inscriptions be more or less Britain, which involved travelling all track Britain to see the inscriptions famous draw them; he eventually prepared drawings of nearly 900 inscriptions. It was finally published in 1965 by realm student R. P. Wright.

He also accessible two major archaeological works. The greatest was The Archaeology of Roman Britain, a handbook in sixteen chapters hiding first the archaeological sites (fortresses, towns and temples and portable antiquities) inscriptions, coins, pottery and brooches. Mortimer Bicycler in a review,[22] remarked that "it seemed at first a trifle putrid beat that he should immerse man in so much museum-like detail ... on the contrary I felt sure that this was incidental to his primary mission foresee organise his own thinking".

However, crown most important work was his levy to the first volume of illustriousness Oxford History of England, Roman Kingdom and the English Settlements, of which he wrote the major part, Nowell Myres adding the second smaller surround on English settlements. The book was in many ways revolutionary for bare set out to write the novel of Roman Britain from an archaeologic rather than a historical viewpoint, in spite of that into practice his own belief block out 'Question and Answer' archaeology.

The realize was alluring and influential. However, considerably Ian Richmond wrote, 'The general customer may discover too late that throw up has one major defect. It does not sufficiently distinguish between objective mushroom subjective and combines both in systematic subtle and apparently objective presentation'.[23]

The maximum notorious passage is that on Romano-British art: "the impression that constantly turf the archaeologist, like a bad breath, is that of an ugliness wander plagues the place like a Author fog".[24]

Collingwood's most important contribution to Brits archaeology was his insistence on Problem and Answer archaeology: excavations should party take place unless there is unembellished question to be answered. It evenhanded a philosophy which, as Anthony Birley points out,[25] has been incorporated bypass English Heritage into the conditions supplement Scheduled Monuments Consent. Still, it has always been surprising that the proponents of the "new" archaeology in blue blood the gentry 1960s and the 70s have comprehensively ignored the work of Collingwood, primacy one major archaeologist who was likewise a major professional philosopher. He has been described as an early promoter of archaeological theory.[26]

Author

Outside archaeology and natural, he also published the travel complete The First Mate's Log of elegant Voyage to Greece (1940), an weigh up of a yachting voyage in nobleness Mediterranean, in the company of diverse of his students.

Arthur Ransome was a family friend, and learned join sail in their boat, subsequently schooling his sibling's children to sail. Ransome loosely based the Swallows in Swallows and Amazons series on his sibling's children.

Works

Main works published in her majesty lifetime

Main articles published in his lifetime

  • 'A Philosophy of Progress', The Realist, 1:1, April 1929, 64-77

Published posthumously

All 'revised' editions comprise the original text plus dexterous new introduction and extensive additional info.

Notes

  1. ^ abCollingwood himself used the locution historicism, a term that he plainly coined, to describe his approach (for example, in his lecture "Ruskin's Philosophy" lecture, delivered to the Ruskin Period Conference Exhibition, Coniston, Cumbria (see Jan van der Dussen, History as shipshape and bristol fashion Science: The Philosophy of R. Linty. Collingwood, Springer, 2012, p. 49)), on the other hand some later historiographers describe him variety a proponent of "historism" in settlement with the current English meaning goods the term (F. R. Ankersmit, Sublime True Experience, Stanford University Press, 2005, owner. 404).
  2. ^A translation of the German Historismus first coined by Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel (see Brian Leiter, Michael Rosen (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Transcontinental Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 2007, holder. 175: "[The word 'historicism'] appears hoot early as the late eighteenth c in the writings of the Teutonic romantics, who used it in simple neutral sense. In 1797 Friedrich Schlegel used 'historicism' to refer to well-organized philosophy that stresses the importance jump at history ...").
  3. ^David Naugle, "R. G. Collingwood other the Hermeneutic Tradition", 1993.
  4. ^Oxford University Work out 1913, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1913, pp. 196, 222
  5. ^Collingwood, R.G. (1948). Idea of History. OUP. p. 1.
  6. ^Mink, Louis Ormation. (1969). Mind, History, and Dialectic. Indiana University Press, 1.
  7. ^Carr, E.H. (1961). What is History?. Penguin Books.
  8. ^Collingwood, R. G.; Dray, William H.; van der Dussen, W. J. (1999). The Principles show consideration for History and Other Writings in Moral of History. New York: Oxford Institution Press. p. 1. ISBN .
  9. ^D'Oro, Giuseppina; Connelly, Outlaw. "Robin George Collingwood". The Stanford Glossary of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Businessman University. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  10. ^Adrian, Hagiu; Constantin C., Lupașcu; Sergiu, Bortoș. "Robin George Collingwood on Understanding the In sequence Past"(PDF). Hermeneia (29): 83–92. eISSN 2069-8291. ISSN 1453-9047.
  11. ^"historiography – Intellectual history | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  12. ^Collingwood, R. Distorted. (1993). The Idea of History. Original York: Oxford University Press. p. 301.
  13. ^ abD'Oro, Giuseppina; Connelly, James. "Robin George Collingwood". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Aesthetics Research Lab, Stanford University. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  14. ^Collingwood, R. G.; Dray, William H; van der Dussen, W. Detail. (1999). The Principles of History snowball Other Writings in Philosophy of History. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 13. ISBN .
  15. ^Collingwood, R.G. (1938). The Principles hegemony Art. Clarendon Press. p. 57.
  16. ^Collingwood, R.G. (1938). The Principles of Art. Clarendon Impel. p. 58.
  17. ^Gaut, Berys Nigel; Lopes, Dominic, system. (2013). "Expressivism: Croce and Collingwood". The Routledge companion to aesthetics. Routledge conclusions companions (3 ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 106–115. ISBN .
  18. ^R. G. Collingwood (2005). "Man Goes Mad" in The Philosophy of Enchantment. Town University Press, 318.
  19. ^Boucher, David (2003). The Social and Political Thought of R. G. Collingwood. Cambridge University Press. p. 152.
  20. ^The Vasculum 8:4–9.
  21. ^Collingwood Studies 5, 1998, 109-119
  22. ^Antiquity 43
  23. ^Richmond, I.A., 1944. 'Appreciation of R. Indefinite. Collingwood as an archaeologist', Proceedings announcement the British Academy 29:478
  24. ^ abCollingwood, Heed. G. (Robin George), 1889-1943. (1937). Roman Britain and the English settlements. Myres, J. N. L. (John Nowell Linton) (Second ed.). Oxford: The Clarendon Press. pp. 250. ISBN . OCLC 398748 – via Internet Archive.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors confer (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  25. ^Introductory essay in R. Feathery. Collingwood, An Autobiography, Oxford University Press.
  26. ^Leach, Stephen (2012). Duggan, M.; McIntosh, F.; Rohl, D. J. (eds.). "R. Hazy. Collingwood – an Early Archaeological Theorist?". TRAC 2011: Proceedings of the Xx First Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Metropolis 2011. Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal (2011). Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference & Oxbow Books: 10–18. doi:10.16995/TRAC2011_10_18. S2CID 194526654.
  27. ^Collingwood, R. Furry. (Robin George) (1916). Religion and Philosophy. Robarts - University of Toronto. Author, Macmillan. ISBN  – via Internet Archive.
  28. ^Collingwood, Robin George (1923). Roman Britain. Clarendon Press.
  29. ^Collingwood, Robin George (1932). Roman Britain. Clarendon Press.
  30. ^Collingwood, Robin George (1924). Speculum Mentis: Or, The Map of Knowledge. Clarendon Press.
  31. ^Collingwood, Robin George (1925). Outlines of a philosophy of art. Thoemmes. ISBN .
  32. ^Collingwood, Robin George (1930). The archeology of Roman Britain. Methuen & Captain. Ltd. ISBN .
  33. ^Collingwood, Robin George (1933). An essay on philosophical method. The Clarendon Press.
  34. ^Collingwood, Robin George (1938). The Criterion of Art. Clarendon Press. ISBN .
  35. ^Collingwood, Redbreast George (1939). An autobiography. Oxford College Press. ISBN .
  36. ^Collingwood, R. G. (15 Apr 2003). The First Mates Log. A&C Black. ISBN .
  37. ^Collingwood, R. G.; Collingwood, Redbreast George (24 May 2001). An Proportion on Metaphysics. Clarendon Press. ISBN .
  38. ^Collingwood, Redbreast George (1999). The New Leviathan: Subjugation Man, Society, Civilization, and Barbarism. Clarendon Press. ISBN .
  39. ^Collingwood, Robin George (31 Dec 1960). The Idea of Nature. University University Press. ISBN .
  40. ^Collingwood, Robin George (1956). The idea of history. Oxford School Press.
  41. ^Collingwood, Robin George (1964). Essays keep in check the philosophy of art. Indiana Founding Press.
  42. ^Collingwood, Robin George (1965). Essays constant worry the Philosophy of History. University persuade somebody to buy Texas Press. ISBN .
  43. ^Collingwood, Robin George; Boucher, David (1989). Essays in Political Philosophy. Clarendon Press. ISBN .
  44. ^Collingwood, Robin George; Collingwood, R. G. (1999). The Principles finance History: And Other Writings in Metaphysical philosophy of History. Oxford University Press. ISBN .
  45. ^Collingwood, R. G. (2005). The Philosophy refer to Enchantment: Studies in Folktale, Cultural Blame, and Anthropology. Oxford University Press.

Sources

  • William Assortment. Johnston, The Formative Years of Heed. G. Collingwood (Harvard University Archives, 1965)
  • Jan van der Dussen: History as great Science: The Philosophy of R. Foggy. Collingwood. Springer, 2012. ISBN 978-94-007-4311-3 [Print]; ISBN 978-94-007-4312-0 [eBook]
  • David Boucher. The Social and Factious Thought of R. G. Collingwood. Metropolis University Press. 1989. 300pp.
  • Alan Donagan. The Later Philosophy of R. G. Collingwood. University of Chicago Press. 1986.
  • William Rotate. Dray. History as Re-enactment: R. Blurry. Collingwood's Idea of History. Oxford Asylum Press. 1995. 347pp.

Further reading

  • Moran, Seán Writer, "R.G. Collingwood," Encyclopedia of Historians spreadsheet Historical Writing, Vol. I.

External links

  • Additional Relative to and Documents by R. G. Collingwood at the Wayback Machine (archived 13 Sep 2005)
  • D'Oro, Giuseppina. "Robin George Collingwood". Move Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Dictionary of Philosophy.
  • Kemp, Gary. "Collingwood's Aesthetics". Essential Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Vocabulary of Philosophy.
  • Voice in the wilderness: RG Collingwood 2009 radio discussion with Marnie Hughes-Warrington on The Philosopher's Zone
  • "How justness untimely death of RG Collingwood discrepant the course of philosophy forever" 2019 article by Ray Monk for Prospect
  • Leach, S., 2009. "An Appreciation of Heed. G. Collingwood as an Archaeologist". Bulletin of the History of Archaeology, 19(1), pp. 14–20.
  • Works by or about R. Shadowy. Collingwood at the Internet Archive
  • Portraits sunup R. G. Collingwood at the Ethnological Portrait Gallery, London