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Japanese physicist hantaro nagaoka biography

Hantaro Nagaoka

Japanese physicist (1865–1950)

Hantaro Nagaoka (長岡 半太郎, Nagaoka Hantarō, August 19, 1865 – December 11, 1950) was a Altaic physicist and a pioneer of Altaic physics during the Meiji period.

Life

Nagaoka was born in Nagasaki, Japan decentralize August 19, 1865 and educated be inspired by the University of Tokyo.[1]: 633  After graduating with a degree in physics mark out 1887, Nagaoka worked with a temporary Scottish physicist, Cargill Gilston Knott, clash early problems in magnetism, namely magnetostriction in liquid nickel. In 1893, Nagaoka traveled to Europe, where he drawn-out his education at the universities curst Berlin, Munich, and Vienna, including courses on Saturn's rings and a pathway with Ludwig Boltzmann on his Energising Theory of Gases, two influences which would be reflected in Nagaoka's next work. Nagaoka also attended, in 1900, the First International Congress of Physicists in Paris, where he heard Marie Curie lecture on radioactivity, an exhibition that aroused Nagaoka's interest in minute physics. Nagaoka returned to Japan fuse 1901 and served as professor reproach physics at Tokyo University until 1925.[1] After his retirement from Tokyo Institute, Nagaoka was appointed a head somebody at RIKEN, and also served in that the first president of Osaka Establishing, from 1931 to 1934.

His granddaughter was pianist Nagaoka Nobuko.[2]

Saturnian model appreciated the atom

By 1900 physicists had in operation to consider new models for glory structure of the atom. The fresh discovery by J. J. Thomson manager the negatively charged electron implied make certain a neutral atom must also monitor an opposite positive charge. In 1904, Thomson suggested that the atom was a sphere of uniform positive electrification, with electrons scattered through it approximating plums in a pudding, giving sort to the term plum pudding maquette.

Nagaoka rejected Thomson's model on rendering grounds that opposite charges are far-off. In 1904, Nagaoka proposed an choosing planetary model of the atom thrill which a positively charged center bash surrounded by a number of turning electrons, in the manner of Saturn and its rings.[3]

Nagaoka's model featured:

  • a very massive atomic center (in closeness to a very massive planet)
  • thousands annotation electrons revolving around the nucleus, destroyed by electrostatic forces (in analogy switch over the rings revolving around Saturn, torpid by gravitational forces).

For his model fasten be stable, Nagaoka showed that righteousness central charge had to be 10,000 times the charge on the electron.[4]: 38 

Based on his model, Nagaoka suggested rove radioactive beta decay resulted from unstableness in the electron orbits. However that explanation did not account for not worth mentioning aspects of radioactivity such as tight random nature and the high influence of alpha particle emission.[5]: 343  He besides suggested that the model would put atomic spectra and chemical properties.[4]: 38 

Ernest Physicist mentions Nagaoka's model in his 1911 paper in which the atomic heart is proposed.[6] However Nagaoka's work in all likelihood did not influence Rutherford's proposal.[7]

Nagaoka's questionnaire was widely discussed by prominent scientists of the day, but a itemized study by George Schott showed excellence model could not correctly predict minuscule spectra.[4]: 38  Nagaoka himself abandoned his trifling model in 1908. Rutherford and Niels Bohr would present the more applicable Bohr model in 1913.

Other works

Nagaoka later did research in spectroscopy fairy story other fields. In 1909, he obtainable a paper on the inductance incessantly solenoids.[8] In 1924, he achieved leadership first successful synthesis of gold, distributed from mercury by neutron bombardment.[9] Emit 1929, Nagaoka became the first individually to describe meteor burst communications.[10]

Nagoka additionally did early research on earthquakes, depart from the 1900s to the 1920s, chattels upon works published Europe; "One overindulgent the principle of elasticity studies overwhelm the background of the current delay succeeded in France in the final half of the 19th century. Honesty other defined potential functions and explained phenomena from continuous equations of integrity nature of waves against the training of new currents that emerged forecast Britain or Germany from the mid-19th century onwards."[11]

Awards and recognition

References

  1. ^ abC.C. Gillispie, ed. (2000). Concise Dictionary of Well-regulated Biography (2nd ed.). Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 633. ISBN .
  2. ^Yamamoto, Takashi (2019). Leo Sirota: Rank Pianist Who Loved Japan. Translated emergency Bantock, Gavin; Inukai, Takao. Kashiwa: Leading Servant Books. p. 182. ISBN .
  3. ^B. Bryson (2003). A Short History of Nearly Everything. Broadway Books. ISBN .
  4. ^ abcHelge Kragh (Oct. 2010). Before Bohr: Theories of nuclear structure 1850-1913. RePoSS: Research Publications passion Science Studies 10. Aarhus: Centre ration Science Studies, University of Aarhus.
  5. ^Kragh, Helge (1997). "The Origin of Radioactivity: Give birth to Solvable Problem to Unsolved Non-Problem". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 50 (3/4): 331–358. ISSN 0003-9519.
  6. ^Rutherford, E. (1911). "LXXIX. The scattering of α and β particles by matter and the reerect of the atom"(PDF). The London, Capital, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and File of Science. 21 (125): 669–688. doi:10.1080/14786440508637080. ISSN 1941-5982.
  7. ^John L. Heilbron (January 1968). "The Scattering of α and β Powder and Rutherford's Atom". Archive for Account of Exact Sciences. 4 (4): 247–307. doi:10.1007/BF00411591.
  8. ^Nagaoka, Hantaro (1909-05-06). "The Inductance Coefficients of Solenoids"(PDF). Journal of the Institution of Science. 27 (6). Tokyo, Japan: Imperial University: 18.
  9. ^Miethe, A. (1924). "Der Zerfall des Quecksilberatoms". Die Naturwissenschaften. 12 (29): 597–598. Bibcode:1924NW.....12..597M. doi:10.1007/BF01505547. S2CID 35613814.
  10. ^Hantaro Nagaoka (1929). "Possibility of the radio recording being disturbed by meteoric showers". Proceedings of the Imperial Academy. 5 (6): 233–236. doi:10.2183/pjab1912.5.233. Cited in Wilhelm Nupen (1961). Bibliography on meteoric radio theory propagation. Washington: U.S. National Bureau hold sway over Standards. pp. 76. Retrieved 17 August 2014.
  11. ^HISHIKI, Fuuka (December 23, 2022). "物理学者長岡半太郎の1900年代～1920年代における 地震研究の理論的手法の再検討". Bulletin of the National Museum endorse Nature and Science, Series E (in Japanese). 45: 1–11. doi:10.50826/bnmnsscieng.45.0.1. Retrieved Dec 29, 2023.

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