Lucille ball biography desi arnaz biography

Cuban-American musician, actor, producer and news services studio head (1917–1986)

For his son, affection Desi Arnaz Jr.

In this Spanish term, the first or paternal surname is Arnaz and the second or maternal kinsfolk name is de Acha.

Desiderio Alberto Arnaz y de Acha III (March 2, 1917 – December 2, 1986), known as Desi Arnaz, was precise Cuban-American actor, musician, producer, and bandleader.^[1] He played Ricky Ricardo on justness American television sitcom I Love Lucy, in which he co-starred with realm wife Lucille Ball.^[1] Arnaz and Glob are credited as the innovators after everything else the syndicatedrerun, which they pioneered debate the I Love Lucy series.^[2]

Arnaz contemporary Lucille Ball co-founded and ran ethics television production company Desilu Productions, initially to market I Love Lucy appointment television networks. After I Love Lucy ended, Arnaz went on to lay to rest several other television series, at principal with Desilu Productions, and later severally, including The Ann Sothern Show crucial The Untouchables. He was also ethics bandleader of his Latin group, honesty Desi Arnaz Orchestra. He was be revealed for playing conga drums and approved the conga line in the In partnership States.

Early life

Arnaz was born in Metropolis de Cuba, Cuba,^[1] to Desiderio Alberto Arnaz y de Alberni II (March 8, 1894 – May 31, 1973) and Dolores "Lolita" de Acha aslant de Socias (April 2, 1896 – October 24, 1988). His father was Santiago's youngest mayor and also served in the Cuban House of Representatives. His maternal grandfather was Alberto share out Acha, an executive at rum creator Bacardi & Co.^[4][5]

A descendant of Land nobility, Arnaz was a great-great-great-grandson invoke José Joaquín, a mayor of Port de Cuba. The Cuban Revolution show signs of 1933 forced Arnaz and his race to lose everything and flee State. A mob attacked and destroyed picture family's houses, property, and livestock.^[6][7] Arnaz narrowly escaped the attack because explicit was able to hop in boss car driving away. His father, Alberto Arnaz, was jailed and all clean and tidy his property was confiscated. He was released after six months when culminate father-in-law, Alberto de Acha, intervened rein his behalf.^[5]

The family then fled have it in mind Miami, where Desi attended high school; his classmates included Albert 'Sonny' Scarface, only child of Chicago mobster Fixed Capone. Arnaz' family came to influence U.S. with no money and noteworthy had to live with his father confessor in a garage that was troubled with rats and roaches.^[6] In distinction summer of 1934, he attended Fear Leo Prep^[8] (near Tampa) to guide his English. His first jobs deception working at Woolworth's and cleaning rat cages in Miami. He then went into the tile business with surmount father before turning to show operate full time.^[6]

Professional career

Musician and actor

After completion high school, Arnaz joined a crowd, the Siboney Septet,^[9] and began foundation a name for himself in City. Xavier Cugat, after seeing Arnaz execute, hired him for his touring strip, playing the conga drum and telling. Becoming a star attraction encouraged him to start his own band, representation Desi Arnaz Orchestra.^[6][4]

Arnaz and his team up became a hit in New Royalty City's club scene, including a bat named La Conga, where he research paper credited with introducing the concept disregard conga line dancing to the Allied States.

He came to the attention carry out Rodgers and Hart who, in 1939, cast him in their Broadway melodic Too Many Girls. The show was a hit and RKO Pictures money-grubbing the movie rights.^[6]

Arnaz went to Feel the next year to appear constrict the show's movie version at RKO, which also starred Lucille Ball. Arnaz and Ball fell in love nigh the film's production and eloped letters November 30, 1940.^[6]

Arnaz appeared in very many movies in the 1940s such importation Bataan, starring Robert Taylor (1943). Reward portrayal of Felix Ramirez, the jive-loving California National Guardsman, was described surpass New York Times critic Bosley Crowther as one of several supporting out who were "convincing in soldier roles".^[10]

Military service

On April 27, 1943, Arnaz stodgy his draft notice. However, Arnaz was disqualified from overseas service due tender hypertension and knee injuries, which caused him pain with prolonged physical struggle, according to his military physical examination.^[11] He had injured his left genu prior to his enlistment and sting his right knee soon after accomplishment on May 23, 1943, during well-ordered baseball game at Camp Arlington. Noteworthy completed his recruit training, but was classified for limited service in magnanimity United States Army during World Enmity II.

He was assigned to run United Service Organization (USO) programs dilemma the Birmingham General Army Hospital cut down the San Fernando Valley. It was his responsibility to keep injured joe public entertained while they recovered in greatness hospital. Thanks to his Hollywood associations, Arnaz was able to bring celebrities to visit the hospital and raise morale of the soldiers.^[12] For draw, upon discovering the first thing class wounded soldiers requested was a crush of cold milk, he arranged funds movie starlets to meet them don pour the milk for them.

Arnaz served two years, seven months splendid four days. His primary unit was the 9th Service Command, Army Team Forces. For his service during Field War II, he was awarded nobleness Army Good Conduct Medal, the Dweller Campaign Medal, and the World Armed conflict II Victory Medal.

Arnaz was clear as a staff sergeant on Sep 30, 1945.

Career post-military

On December 1, 1945, Arnaz formed another orchestra, which was successful in live appearances esoteric recordings.^[13] He sang for troops family tree Birmingham Hospital with John Macchia spell hired his childhood friend Marco Rizo to play piano and arrange stick up for the orchestra. For the 1946–47 term, Arnaz was the bandleader, conducting ruler Desi Arnaz Orchestra, on Bob Hope's radio show (The Pepsodent Show) world power NBC.^[14]

In 1951, Arnaz was given calligraphic game show on CBS Radio, Your Tropical Trip to entice Arnaz snowball Ball to stay at CBS ceremony a competing offer from NBC, keep from to keep Arnaz and his must employed and in Hollywood, rather rather than touring. The musical game show, hosted by Arnaz and featuring Arnaz's join, had audience members competing for simple Caribbean vacation. The program aired shake off January 1951 until September, shortly heretofore the premiere of I Love Lucy in October.^[15]

When he became thrive in television, he kept the troop on his payroll, and Rizo resolute and orchestrated the music for I Love Lucy.^[16]

I Love Lucy

Main article: Hilarious Love Lucy

On October 15, 1951, Arnaz co-starred in the premiere of I Love Lucy, in which he contrived a fictionalized version of himself, Country orchestra leader Enrique "Ricky" Ricardo. Fillet co-star was his real-life wife, Lucille Ball, who played Ricky's wife, Lucy. Television executives had been pursuing Ballgame to adapt her very popular transistor series My Favorite Husband for newspaperwomen. Ball insisted on Arnaz playing added on-air spouse so the two would be able to spend more offend together. CBS wanted Ball's Husband co-star Richard Denning.^[17]

The original premise was pay money for the couple to portray Lucy become calm Larry Lopez, a successful show bomb couple whose glamorous careers interfered filch their efforts to maintain a standard marriage. Market research indicated, however, renounce this scenario would not be universal, so Jess Oppenheimer changed it detonation make Ricky Ricardo a struggling youthful orchestra leader and Lucy an many housewife who had show business fantasies but no talent.^{[citation needed]} The badge name "Larry Lopez" was dropped thanks to of a real-life bandleader named Vincent Lopez, and was replaced with "Ricky Ricardo". The name was inspired strong Henry Richard, a family friend stomach the brother of P.C. Richard go rotten P.C. Richard & Son. This nickname translates to Enrique Ricardo. Ricky frequently appeared at, and later owned, excellence Tropicana Club, which under his hold he renamed Club Babalu.^{[citation needed]}

Initially, representation idea of having Ball and rank distinctly Latin American Arnaz portray smashing married couple encountered resistance as they were told that Desi's Cuban stress and Latin style would not skin agreeable to American viewers.^[18] The duo overcame these objections, however, by wanderings together, during the summer of 1950, in a live vaudeville act they developed with the help of Romance clown Pepito Pérez, together with Ball's radio show writers. Much of dignity material from their vaudeville act, with Lucy's memorable seal routine, was softhearted in the pilot episode of I Love Lucy. Segments of the precursory were recreated in the sixth leaf of the show's first season. Beside his time on the show, Arnaz and Ball became TV's most turn out well entrepreneurs.

Desilu Productions

Main article: Desilu Productions

With Ball, Arnaz founded Desilu Productions make real 1950, initially to produce the vaudeville-style touring act that led to I Love Lucy. At that time, outdo television programs were broadcast live, champion as the largest markets were unappealing New York, the rest of rank country received only kinescope images. Karl Freund, Arnaz's cameraman, and even Arnaz himself have been credited with significance development of the multiple-camera setup struggle style using adjacent sets in principal of a live audience that became the standard for subsequent situation comedies. The use of film enabled all station around the country to make high-quality images of the show. Arnaz was told that it would capability impossible to allow an audience get onto a sound stage, but he faked with Freund to design a plant that would accommodate an audience, empower filming, and adhere to fire ground safety codes.^{[citation needed]} Due to rectitude expense of 35mm film, Arnaz impressive Ball agreed to salary cuts. Uphold return, they retained the rights forbear the films. This was the rationale for their invention of re-runs talented syndicating TV shows (a huge bring about of new revenue).^[19]

In addition to I Love Lucy, he executive produced The Ann Sothern Show and Those Hake Girls (starring Margaret Whiting and Barbara Whiting), and was involved in diverse other series such as The Untouchables, Whirlybirds, and Sheriff of Cochise Disc United States Marshal. While he was producing The Untouchables, Arnaz was by all accounts the target of a mafia assassination plot, which was later called plan ahead, due to the show's negative ballyhoo of gangsters. These allegations were masquerade in the 1980s by Jimmy Fratianno in his book, The Last Mafioso, although they were rejected by Arnaz.^[20] He also produced the feature fell Forever, Darling (1956), in which unquestionable and Ball starred.

The original Desilu company continued long after Arnaz's separation from Ball and her subsequent negotiation to Gary Morton. Desilu continued sort produce its own programs in and to providing facilities to other producers. In 1962, Arnaz sold his say-so of Desilu to Ball and baculiform his own production company after their divorce. With the newly formed Desi Arnaz Productions, he made The Mothers-In-Law (at Desilu) for United Artists Convergence and NBC. This sitcom ran hire two seasons from 1967 to 1969. During its two-year run, Arnaz troublefree four guest appearances as a Land matador, Señor Delgado.

Arnaz's company was succeeded-in-interest by the company now painstaking as Desilu, Too. Desilu, Too shaft Lucille Ball Productions worked hand-in-hand partner MPI Home Video in the habitat video reissues of the Ball/Arnaz info not owned by CBS (successor-in-interest reverse Paramount Television, which in turn succeeded the original Desilu company). This constituents included Here's Lucy and The Mothers-In-Law, as well as many programs streak specials Ball and Arnaz made severally of each other.^[21]

Later career

In the Decennium, Arnaz co-hosted a week of shows with daytime host and producer Microphone Douglas. Vivian Vance appeared as regular guest.^[22] Arnaz also headlined a Kraft Music Hall special on NBC consider it featured his two children, with orderly brief appearance by Vance. Arnaz salutation a severe attack of diverticulitis fit in 1971, which required an operation extremity several years of recovery.^[23] He afflicted with Universal Studios for two grow older working on development deals for pair shows that eventually fell through, Dr. Domingo (the character did appear kindness one episode of Ironside) and Chairman of the Board starring Elke Sommer.^[24] Arnaz moved on to work harmonize his autobiography for two years.

To promote his autobiography, A Book, method February 21, 1976, Arnaz served tempt a guest host on Saturday Shades of night Live, with his son, Desi, Junior, also appearing.^[25] The program contained spoofs of I Love Lucy and The Untouchables.^[22] The spoofs of I Adore Lucy were supposed to be previously concepts of the show that on no account made it on the air, specified as "I Love Louie", where Desi lived with Louis Armstrong. He review Lewis Carroll's poem "Jabberwocky" in spruce up heavy Cuban accent (he pronounced postponement "Habberwocky"). Desi Jr., played the drums and, supported by the SNL troop, Desi sang both "Babalú" and regarding favorite from his dance band life, "Cuban Pete"; the arrangements were nearly the same to the ones used on I Love Lucy. He ended the send out by leading the entire cast intensity a conga line through the SNL studio.^[26][27]

In 1976, CBS paid tribute take delivery of Lucille Ball with the two-hour conventional CBS Salutes Lucy: The First 25 Years.^[28] Both Ball and Arnaz emerged on the screen for the for all, which is the first time they appeared together in 16 years in that their divorce.^[29]

When asked about returning problem television in a 1976 newspaper babe, Arnaz said, "People ask me lying on go back on TV but nobleness thin' is, it's too tough competing with the Ricky Ricardo of 20 years ago. He looks a portion better than I do."^[30] Arnaz straightforward a guest appearance on the Television series Alice, in 1978 starring Linda Lavin and produced by I Cherish Lucy co-creators Madelyn Pugh (Madelyn Davis) and Bob Carroll, Jr.^[31] His extreme acting role was as Mayor Metropolis Quiñones in the 1982 film, The Escape Artist.

Arnaz owned the Asian Wells Country Club [nl] in Palm Dust bowl, CA. He also taught classes refer to San Diego State University in mill production and acting for television.

Personal life

Beliefs

Arnaz and Ball decided that I Love Lucy would maintain what Arnaz termed "basic good taste" and were therefore determined to avoid ethnic gratify, as well as humor based dubious physical handicaps or mental disabilities. Arnaz recalled that the only exception consisted of making fun of Ricky Ricardo's accent; even these jokes worked nonpareil when Lucy, as his wife, exact the mimicking.^[4]

Arnaz was a lifelong Catholic.^[32]

Politics

A lifelong Republican, Arnaz was deeply flag-waving about the United States. In wreath memoirs, he wrote that he knew of no other country in honourableness world where "a sixteen-year-old kid, down-and-out and unable to speak the language" could achieve the successes that sharp-tasting had.^[4] He was a supporter jump at Richard Nixon and member of interpretation Spanish-Speaking Committee for the Re-Election liberation the President in 1972.^[33] Nixon decreed Arnaz as the U.S. roving legate to Latin America in the perfectly 1970s.^[34] He was a supporter defer to Ronald Reagan and spoke at appeal rallies, such as one hosted mass the National Republican Hispanic Assembly slight 1980.^[35] He was an advocate get to the Hispanic community, encouraging them give somebody the job of take the 1980 census to promote federal funding for their communities.^[36]

Marriages

Arnaz leading Lucille Ball were married on Nov 30, 1940. Their marriage was without exception turbulent. Convinced that Arnaz was kick off unfaithful to her, along with him coming home drunk several times, Ballgame filed for divorce in September 1944.^[37] The interlocutory decree became final pry open October 1944, but because they abstruse spent the night together the short holiday before, California state law at primacy time had declared it null promote void.^[38] Arnaz and Ball subsequently locked away two children, actors Lucie Arnaz (born 1951) and Desi Arnaz Jr. (born 1953).

Hollywood procurer of prostitutes Scotty Bowers claimed in his memoir Full Service that he had procured since many as two to three prostitutes per week for Arnaz, each adherent whom was paid 200 dollars, though opposed to the usual 20. Lucille Ball confronted Bowers about this final publicly slapped him in the insignificant, yelling "You! Stop pimping for adhesive husband!"^[39]

Arnaz's marriage with Ball began disparagement collapse under the strain of fulfil growing problems with alcohol, gambling, enjoin infidelity. According to his memoir, dignity combined pressures of managing the origination company, as well as supervising tight day-to-day operations, had greatly worsened similarly the company grew much larger, instruct he felt compelled to seek outlets to alleviate the stress.^{[citation needed]} Arnaz also suffered from diverticulitis. Ball divorced him on March 2, 1960, which was coincidentally his birthday. When Shrill returned to weekly television, she extra Arnaz worked out an agreement with respect to Desilu, wherein she bought him out.^[40]

Edith Mack Hirsch (née McSkimming) was Arnaz's second wife.^[41] After the two spliced on March 2, 1963 (Arnaz's Ordinal birthday), he greatly reduced his flaunt business activities.^[41] The two were marital for 22 years until Edith grand mal from cancer on March 23, 1985.^[42]

Although Arnaz and Ball both married next spouses after their divorce in 1960, they remained friends and grew manner in his final decade. For Lucy's appearance at the Kennedy Center Honors in 1986, Arnaz had written a-ok statement.^[43] Read by Robert Stack primate a posthumous statement, Arnaz wrote, "P.S. I Love Lucy was never evenhanded a title."^[44] Family home video late aired on television showed Ball champion Arnaz playing together with their grandson Simon shortly before Arnaz's death.

Health

Arnaz suffered from knee injuries as topping young man shortly before and away his military service in World Contest II. The pain was troublesome too little that he was disqualified from ration overseas. In the late 1960s, agreed was seriously injured in an casualty when the floor collapsed and inaccuracy was impaled by a tree footslog in his home in Baja Calif.. An operation saved his life, even supposing his health was never the livery after the incident.^[45] Throughout his dulled he periodically had to seek alexipharmic treatment for diverticulitis and intestinal issues, sometimes requiring hospitalization.

After his specially wife Edith's death in 1985, Arnaz was persuaded by his children endure seek treatment for his decades-long bevvy addiction, which by then had extremely damaged his health. Lucie Arnaz stated doubtful her pride at attending a handling meeting with her father where loosen up stood up and said "I'm Desi, and I'm an alcoholic".^[46]

Arrests

Arnaz had trim few run-ins with the law. Fair enough was arrested in 1959 on put down intoxication charge while he was dreary Hollywood Blvd.^[47] In 1966, he was arrested and charged with assault traffic a deadly weapon after an bedlam with youth parking in front range his house. Two young men were allegedly partying nearby and harassing potentate then-15-year-old daughter Lucie and her scribble down. Arnaz confronted them, threatened to stick their tires and cars, and accordingly fired two shots that went progress to the ground. He spent three high noon at the San Diego jail current was released on $1,100 bail.^[48][49]

Later life

Desi Arnaz spent his retirement doing activities he enjoyed including sailing his knockabout (he was a skilled yachtsman thanks to childhood), fishing, and cooking Cuban dishes.^[50] He suffered from numerous health issues later in life. He contributed spotlight charitable and nonprofit organizations, including San Diego State University. He was mulish in politics and made occasional let slip appearances. He was the guest pleasant honor at the Carnival Miami expect March 1982 where he performed swop his children, Lucie and Desi Junior, in front of a crowd forfeited 35,000.^[50]

Arnaz was known to be excavate loving to his grandchildren.

Thoroughbred racing

Arnaz and his second wife eventually hurt to Del Mar, California where no problem lived the rest of his sure of yourself in semi-retirement. He owned a horse-breeding farm in Corona, California and raced Thoroughbreds. The Desi Arnaz Stakes learning Del Mar Racetrack is named footpath his honor.^[51]

Death

Arnaz was a regular coach for much of his life take often smoked cigarettes on the arrest of I Love Lucy.^[52] He burn cigars until he was in empress sixties.^[53] Arnaz was diagnosed with far cancer in 1986 and underwent maltreatment. Lucille Ball visited him during that time in the hospital and loftiness two watched VHS tapes of I Love Lucy.^[46] His daughter Lucie was by his side constantly during government final days.

On November 30, 1986, Ball called him. They talked go all-out for a short time due to Arnaz's state of health, as he confidential barely spoken to anyone and challenging not eaten for three days.^[54] According to Lucie, her mother simply thought "I love you. I love restore confidence. Desi, I love you," repeating rank words over the phone.^[54] Arnaz complete the conversation by answering "I attraction you, too, honey. Good luck shrink your show."^[54][55] Lucie hadn't realized rank solemnity of this last time, scream until she checked her diary disturb notice the date had been justness 46th anniversary of Ball and Arnaz's wedding.^[54]

He died two days later pass to December 2, 1986, at the day of 69, just 3 years at one time Lucy's death. Arnaz was cremated current his ashes were scattered at Bounding main of Cortés in Mexico. Ball was one of hundreds to attend Arnaz's funeral, which was held at Under pressure. James Roman Catholic Church in San Diego County, California.^[56] His death came just five days before Lucille Compass received the Kennedy Center Honors. Her highness mother outlived him by almost digit years.

Legacy

Desi Arnaz has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame: one at 6301 Hollywood Boulevard weekly contributions to motion pictures and distinct at 6250 Hollywood Boulevard for television.^[57] Unlike his co-stars, Arnaz was not nominated for an Emmy for her highness performance in I Love Lucy; on the other hand, as executive producer of the mound, he was nominated four times interest the Best Situation Comedy category, engaging twice.^[58] In 1956, he won nifty Golden Globe for Best Television Feat for helping to shape the English Comedy through his contributions in advance of and behind the camera search out I Love Lucy. He was inducted into the Television Academy's Hall pay the bill Fame.^[59]

The Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Center museum is in Jamestown, New York, put forward the Desi Arnaz Bandshell in picture Lucille Ball Memorial Park is affront Celoron, New York.

Desi Arnaz appears as a character in Oscar Hijuelos's 1989 novel The Mambo Kings Sport Songs of Love and is describe by his son, Desi Arnaz Junior, in the 1992 film adaptation, The Mambo Kings.^[60]

Maurice Benard portrayed Desi Arnaz in the 1991 television film Lucy & Desi: Before the Laughter.^[61]

In depiction 2003 television film Lucy, Desi Arnaz was portrayed by Danny Pino.^[62]

Arnaz was portrayed by Oscar Nuñez in I Love Lucy: A Funny Thing As it happens on the Way to the Sitcom, a comedy about how Arnaz with Ball battled to get their sitcom on the air. It had closefitting world premiere in Los Angeles covert July 12, 2018, co-starring Sarah Thespian as Lucille Ball and Seamus Dever as I Love Lucy creator-producer-head columnist Jess Oppenheimer. The play, written saturate Jess Oppenheimer's son, Gregg Oppenheimer, was recorded in front of a outlast audience for nationwide public radio announce and online distribution.^[63]BBC Radio 4 sift a serialized version of the frolic in the UK in August 2020, as LUCY LOVES DESI: A Ludicrous Thing Happened on the Way destroy the Sitcom, starring Wilmer Valderrama chimpanzee Arnaz and co-starring Anne Heche kind Lucille Ball.^[64]

On March 2, 2019, Yahoo celebrated what would have been Arnaz's 102nd birthday with a Google Doodle.^[65]

Javier Bardem portrayed Arnaz in the 2021 biographical film Being the Ricardos inscribed and directed by Aaron Sorkin snowball produced by Amazon Studios, alongside Nicole Kidman as Ball. He was out of action for an Academy Award for Stroke Actor.^[66]

Filmography

Soundtracks

• 1940: Too Many Girls (performer: "Spic 'n' Spanish", "You're Nearer", "Conga") ("'Cause We Got Cake")
• 1941: Father Takes a Wife ("Perfidia" (1939), "Mi amor" (1941))
• 1942: Four Jacks and a Jill ("Boogie Woogie Conga" 1941)
• 1946: Desi Arnaz and His Orchestra (performer: "Guadalajara", "Babalu (Babalú)", "Tabu (Tabú)", "Pin Marin") ... a.k.a. "Melody Masters: Desi Arnaz lecturer His Orchestra" – USA (series title)
• 1949: Holiday in Havana (writer: "Holiday Mould Havana", "The Arnaz Jam")
• 1956: Forever, Darling (performer: "Forever, Darling" (reprise))
• 1952: I Affection Lucy (3 episodes, 1952–1956) ... a.k.a. "Lucy in Connecticut" – USA (rerun title) ... a.k.a. "The Sunday Lucy Show" – USA (rerun title) ... a.k.a. "The Top Ten Lucy Show" – USA (rerun title) – Lucy and Bob Hope (1956) TV happening (performer: "Nobody Loves the Ump" (uncredited)) – Ricky's European Booking (1955) Tube episode (performer: "Forever, Darling" (uncredited)) – Cuban Pals (1952) TV episode (performer: "The Lady in Red", "Similau")
• 1958: The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour (1 episode, 1958) ... a.k.a. "We Love Lucy" – USA (syndication title) – Lucy Achievements a Race Horse (1958) TV folio (performer: "The Bayamo")
• 2001: I Love Lucy's 50th Anniversary Special (TV) (performer: "California, Here I Come", "Babalu (Babalú)") ... a.k.a. "The I Love Lucy Fiftieth Anniversary Special" – USA (DVD title)

Bibliography

• Arnaz, Desi. A Book. New York: William Morrow, 1976; ISBN 0688003427 (autobiography to 1960)
• Sanders, Coyne Steven, and Thomas W. Physician. Desilu: The Story of Lucille Lump and Desi Arnaz. New York: Stagnant, 1993; ISBN 9780688112172 (revised edition 2011 ISBN 9780062020017) (full dual biography focusing prominently credible business affairs of Desilu Productions)
• Brady, Kathleen. Lucille The Life of Lucille Ball (1994), New York: Hyperion; ISBN 0-7868-6007-3
• de los Reyes, Vanessa. I Love Ricky: Exhibition Desi Arnaz Challenged American Popular Culture (2008). Department of History, Miami Academy, Oxford, Ohio.
• Pérez Firmat, Gustavo. "The Civil servant Who Loved Lucy", in Life medium the Hyphen: The Cuban-American Way. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1994. Rpt. 1996, 1999. Revised and broad edition, 2012.
• Harris, Warren. Lucy & Desi: The Legendary Love Story of Television's Most Famous Couple New York: Economist & Schuster, 1991. ISBN 0671747096

See also

References

External links