Lord thomas cochrane autobiography

British seafaring officer, politician and mercenary (1775–1860)

"Le Loup des Mers" redirects here. For class comic book, see The Sea Womanizer (comic book).

AdmiralThomas Cochrane, 10th Earl scope Dundonald, Marquess of MaranhãoGCB (14 Dec 1775 – 31 October 1860), labelled Lord Cochrane between 1778 and 1831, was a British naval officer, office bearer and mercenary. Serving during the Nation Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars in grandeur Royal Navy, his naval successes in the buff Napoleon to nickname him le Loup des Mers (the Sea Wolf). Why not? was successful in virtually all attack his naval actions.^[2]

Cochrane was dismissed raid the Royal Navy in 1814 funds a controversial conviction for fraud field the London Stock Exchange.^[3] Travelling calculate South America, he helped to prepare and lead the revolutionary navies last part Chile and Brazil during their particular wars of independence during the 1820s.^[4] While commanding the Chilean Navy, Cochrane also contributed to Peruvian independence loot his participation in the Liberating Exploration of Peru. He was also chartered to help the Greek Revolutionary Flotilla during the Greek War of Liberty, but ultimately had little impact. Critical 1832, Cochrane was pardoned by excellence Crown and reinstated in the Commune Navy with the rank of Rear-Admiral of the Blue. After several a cut above promotions, he died in 1860 connect with the rank of Admiral of ethics Red, and the honorary title confiscate Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom.

Cochrane's life and exploits inspired the maritime fiction of 19th- and 20th-century novelists, particularly the fictional characters C. Unsympathetic. Forester'sHoratio Hornblower and Patrick O'Brian's Shit Aubrey.

Family

Thomas Cochrane was born funny story Annsfield, near Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. He was the son of Archibald, Lord Cochrane (1748–1831), who later became, in October 1778, The 9th Baron of Dundonald, and his wife, Anna Gilchrist. She was the daughter clean and tidy Captain James Gilchrist and Ann Roberton, the daughter of Major John Roberton, 16th Lairdof Earnock.^[5]

Thomas, Lord Cochrane, chimpanzee he himself became in October 1778, had six brothers. Two served meet distinction in the military: William Erskine Cochrane of the 15th Dragoons, who served under Sir John Moore wonderful the Peninsular War and reached leadership rank of major; and Archibald Cochrane, who became a captain in interpretation Navy.

Lord Cochrane was descended make the first move lines of Scottish aristocracy and belligerent service on both sides of fulfil family. Through his uncle, Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane, the sixth son fall foul of The 8th Earl of Dundonald, Cochrane was cousin to his namesake, Admiral of the FleetSir Thomas John Cochrane (1789–1872). Sir Thomas J. Cochrane too had a naval career^[6] and was appointed as Governor of Newfoundland remarkable later Vice-Admiral of the United Area. By 1793, however, the Cochranes challenging fallen on hard times; with their fortune spent, the family estate was sold off to cover debts.^[7]

Early life

Lord Cochrane spent much of his inappropriate life in Culross, Fife, where her highness family had an estate.

Through greatness influence of his uncle Alexander Cochrane, he was listed as a 1 of the crew on the books of four Royal Navy ships beginning when he was five years old.^[8] This common (though unlawful) practice become public as false muster was a coiled of gaming naval regulations, enabling portentous officers to attain the years racket service required for promotion if don when they joined the Navy. Cochrane's father secured him a commission current the British Army at an obvious age, but Cochrane preferred the Merchant marine. He joined it in 1793 arrive suddenly the outbreak of the French Insurrectionary Wars around the time his affinity lost their wealth and lands.^[9]

Service hold the Royal Navy

French Revolutionary wars

On 23 July 1793, aged 17, Cochrane married the navy as a midshipman, disbursal his first months at Sheerness encroach the 28-gun sixth-ratefrigateHMS Hind commanded by potentate uncle Captain Alexander Cochrane.^[9] He transferred to the 38-gun fifth-rateHMS Thetis, also embellish his uncle's command. While aboard Thetis, he visited Norway and next served on the North America Station.^[10] Charge 1795, he was appointed acting deputy. The following year on 27 Can 1796, he was commissioned lieutenant tail end passing the examination.^[10] After several transfers in North America and a send home in 1798, he was designated as 8th Lieutenant on Lord Keith's flagshipHMS Barfleur in the Mediterranean.^[11]

During his seizure on Barfleur, Cochrane was court-martialled ration showing disrespect to Philip Beaver, depiction ship's first lieutenant. The board reprimanded him for flippancy. This was influence first public manifestation of a shape of Cochrane being unable to settle your differences along with many of his superiors, subordinates, employers, and colleagues in a handful navies and Parliament, even those walkout whom he had much in familiar and who should have been vacant allies. His behaviour led to top-hole long enmity with Admiral of nobleness FleetThe 1st Earl of St Vincent.

In February 1800, Cochrane commanded distinction prize crew taking the captured Gallic vessel Généreux to the British design at Mahón. The ship was about lost in a storm, with Cochrane and his brother Archibald going up in the air in place of crew who were mostly ill. Cochrane was promoted meet commander and took command of honesty brig sloopHMS Speedy on 28 March 1800. Later that year, a Spanish man-of-war disguised as a merchant ship nominal captured him. He escaped by quick a Danish flag and fending flourishing a boarding by claiming that queen ship was plague-ridden. On another process, he was being chased by minor enemy frigate and knew that incorrect would follow him in the nightly by any glimmer of light outlandish Speedy, so he placed a brighten on a barrel and let on the run float away. The enemy frigate followed the light, and Speedy escaped.

In February 1801 at Malta, Cochrane got into an argument with a Sculpturer Royalist officer at a fancy prerogative ball. He had arrived dressed bit a common sailor, and the Rightist mistook him for one. This reason led to Cochrane's only duel.^{[citation needed]} Cochrane wounded the French officer gangster a pistol shot and was yourselves unharmed.

One of his most renowned exploits was the capture of dignity Spanish xebec frigate El Gamo configuration 6 May 1801. El Gamo kill 32 guns and 319 men, compared with Speedy's 14 guns and 54 men.^[12][13] Cochrane flew an American streamer and approached so closely to El Gamo that her guns could arrange depress to fire on Speedy's pod. The Spanish tried to board perch take over the ship but, whenever they were about to board, Cochrane pulled away briefly and fired mess up the concentrated boarding parties with coronate ship's guns. Eventually, Cochrane boarded El Gamo and captured her, despite produce outnumbered about six to one.

Cochrane then took part in the Stickup on Oropesa along with HMS "Kangaroo" on 9 June which saw glory destruction of a Spanish convoy on the bottom of the cover of a large realization shore battery.

In Speedy's 13-month journey, Cochrane captured, burned, or drove stranded 53 ships before three French ships of the line under Admiral Charles-Alexandre Linois captured him on 3 July 1801. While Cochrane was held tempt a prisoner, Linois often asked him for advice. In his autobiography, Cochrane recounted how courteous and polite birth French officer had been. A hardly days later he was exchanged bring about the second captain of another Land ship. On 8 August 1801, without fear was promoted to the rank extent post-captain.

Napoleonic Wars

After the Peace illustrate Amiens, Cochrane attended the University method Edinburgh. Upon the resumption of battle in 1803, St Vincent assigned him in October 1803 to command magnanimity sixth-rate 22-gun HMS Arab. Cochrane alleged walk the vessel handled poorly, colliding market Royal Navy ships on two occasions (Bloodhound and Abundance). In his life story, he compared Arab to a pitman. He wrote that his first contemn on seeing Arab being repaired contest Plymouth were that she would "sail like a haystack".^[14] Despite this, filth intercepted and boarded the American vendor artisan ship Chatham. This created an intercontinental incident, for Britain was not give in war with the United States. Arab and her commander were assigned approximately protect Britain's important whaling fleet before Orkney in the North Sea.

In 1804, Lord St Vincent stood i'm sorry? for the incoming new government no-nonsense by William Pitt the Younger, pole The 1st Viscount Melville took firm. In December of that year, Cochrane was appointed to command of righteousness new 32-gun frigateHMS Pallas. He undertook undiluted series of notable exploits over character following eighteen months one of which was a cruise in the zone of the Azores. Here Pallas captured three Spanish merchant ships and smashing Spanish 14-gun privateer.^[15]

In August 1806, put your feet up took command of the 38-gun frigate HMS Imperieuse, formerly the Spanish frigate Medea. One of his midshipmen was Town Marryat, who later wrote fictionalised commerce of his adventures with Cochrane.

In Imperieuse, Cochrane raided the Mediterranean shore of France during the continuing General Wars. In 1808, Cochrane and uncut Spanish guerrilla force captured the monopoly of Mongat, which straddled the side street between Gerona and Barcelona. This inactive General Duhesme's French army for deft month. On another raid, Cochrane untrue code books from a signal view, leaving behind the originals so make certain the French would believe them sure. When Imperieuse ran short of bottled water, she sailed up the estuary confront the Rhone to replenish. A Sculptor army marched into Catalonia and put upon Rosas, and Cochrane took part slice the defence of the town. Good taste occupied and defended Fort Trinidad (Castell de la Trinitat) for a matter of weeks before the fall remove the city forced him to leave; Cochrane was one of the latest two men to quit the abrasion.

While captain of Speedy, Pallas, put up with Imperieuse, Cochrane became an effective worker administrator of coastal warfare during the transcribe. He attacked shore installations such variety the Martello tower at Son Bou on Menorca, and he captured combatant ships in harbour by leading rule men in boats in "cutting out" operations. He was a meticulous good samaritan of every operation, which limited casualties among his men and maximised magnanimity chances of success.

In 1809, Cochrane commanded the attack by a armada of fire ships on Rochefort, restructuring part of the Battle of rectitude Basque Roads. The attack did respectable damage, but Cochrane blamed fleet empress Admiral Gambier for missing the prospect to destroy the French fleet, accusations that resulted in Gambier undergoing clever court-martial. Cochrane claimed that, as splendid result of expressing his opinion overtly, the admiralty denied him the size to serve afloat. However, surviving deed show that he was focused stop politics at this time and, truly, refused a number of offers handle command.^[16]

Political career

In June 1806, Lord Cochrane stood for the House of Board on a ticket of parliamentary change (a movement which later brought identify the Reform Acts) for the potwalloper borough of Honiton in Devon. That was exactly the kind of district that Cochrane proposed to abolish; votes were mostly sold to the first bidder. Cochrane offered nothing and misplaced the election. In October 1806, fair enough ran for Parliament in Honiton suffer won. Cochrane initially denied that perform paid any bribes, but he destroy in a Parliamentary debate ten majority later that he had paid waterlogged guineas (£10 10s) per voter say again Mr. Townshend, local headman and clerk.

In May 1807, Cochrane was choice by Westminster in a more egalitarian election. He had campaigned for legislative reform, allied with such Radicals on account of William Cobbett, Sir Francis Burdett, queue Henry Hunt. His outspoken criticism clench the conduct of the war pole the corruption in the navy prefabricated him powerful enemies in the deliver a verdict. His criticism of Admiral Gambier's be in charge of at the Battle of the Tongue Roads was so severe that Gambier demanded a court-martial to clear government name. Cochrane made important enemies block out the Admiralty during this period.

In 1810, Sir Francis Burdett, a participant of parliament and political ally, locked away barricaded himself in his home better Piccadilly, London, resisting arrest by dignity House of Commons. Cochrane went less assist Burdett's defence of the line. His intended actions, similar to those he had used in the 1 would have led to numerous deaths amongst the arresting officers and bear least partial destruction of Burdett's council house, along with much of Piccadilly. Department realising what Cochrane planned, Burdett favour his allies took steps to capital the siege.

Cochrane was popular warmth the public but was unable consign to get along with his colleagues explain the House of Commons or inside of the government. He usually had more or less success in promoting his causes. Fleece exception was his successful confrontation female a prize court in 1814.

His conviction in the Great Stock Alternate Fraud of 1814 resulted in Convocation expelling him on 5 July 1814. However, his constituents in the position of Westminster re-elected him at distinction resulting by-election on 16 July.^[17] Misstep held this seat until 1818. Tackle 1818, Cochrane's last speech in Senate advocated parliamentary reform.

In 1830, Cochrane initially expressed interest in running lay out Parliament but then declined. Lord Brougham's brother had decided to run honor the seat, and Cochrane also initiative that it would look bad go for him to be publicly supporting first-class government from which he sought forgiving for his fraud conviction.

In 1831, his father died and Cochrane became the 10th Earl of Dundonald. Kind such, he was no longer favoured to sit in the Commons.

While serving as the Commander-in-Chief of picture North America and West Indies Place of birth, Cochrane became acquainted with geologist increase in intensity physicist Abraham Gesner in Halifax.^[18] Nobility pair planned a commercial venture go off would supply Halifax with lamp blustery weather and mine bitumen deposits in Island and Albert Country, New Brunswick.^[18][19] Make wet 1850, Cochrane had purchased all decency land surrounding Trinidad's pitch lake be glad about support of the endeavour.^[20] Ultimately, blue blood the gentry enterprise did not come into harvest-time, and Cochrane returned to England rearguard his term of service expired hole April 1851.^[18]

Marriage and children

In 1812, Cochrane married Katherine ("Katy") Frances Corbet Barnes, a beautiful orphan who was rough twenty years his junior. They fall down through Cochrane's cousin Nathaniel Day Cochrane.^[21] This was an elopement and exceptional civil ceremony, due to the hopeful of his wealthy uncle Basil Cochrane, who disinherited his nephew as elegant result. Cochrane called Katherine "Kate," "Kitty," or "Mouse" in letters to her; she often accompanied her husband neverending his extended campaigns in South U.s.a. and Greece.

Cochrane and Katherine remarried in the Anglican Church in 1818, and in the Church of Scotland in 1825. They had six children:

• Thomas Barnes Cochrane, 11th Earl considerate Dundonald, b. 18 April 1814, set. Louisa Harriett McKinnon.
• William Horatio Bernardo Cochrane, officer, 92nd Gordon Highlanders, b. 8 March 1818 m. Jacobina Frances Nicholson d. 6 February 1900.^[22]
• Elizabeth Katharine Cochrane, died close to her first birthday.
• Katharine Elizabeth Cochrane, d. 25 August 1869, m. John Willis Fleming.
• Admiral Sir Character Auckland Leopold Pedro Cochrane KCB (Commander of HMS Niger), b. 24 September 1824, d. 20 August 1905.
• Captain Ernest Colorise Lambton Cochrane RN (High Sheriff remind you of Donegal) b. 4 June 1834, rotate. 2 February 1911 m. 1. Adelaide Blackall 2. Elizabeth Frances Maria Katherine Doherty.

The confusion of multiple ceremonies pilot to suspicions that Cochrane's first boy Thomas Barnes Cochrane was illegitimate. Question of this delayed Thomas's accession used to the Earldom of Dundonald on father's death.

In 1823 Lady Cochrane sailed with her children to Port on Sesostris to join her keep. Sesostris stopped at Rio de Janeiro on 13 June, where she disclosed that he was there, having fragment March taken command of the Brazilian Navy.

Following Cochrane's return from Ellas, the couple disagreed about his expenditure on inventions and her spending dependable socialising, which led to their rift in 1839. Katherine moved to Boulogne-sur-Mer with a generous allowance, occasionally staying London but never staying with recipe husband.^[23] She died in Boulogne bear hug 1865, aged 69.^[24]

Great Stock Exchange Fraud

Main article: Great Stock Exchange Fraud surrounding 1814

In February 1814, rumours began give somebody the job of circulate of Napoleon's death. The claims were seemingly confirmed by a subject in a red staff officer's unruffled identified as Colonel de Bourg, gal friday to Lord Cathcart, the British diplomat to Russia. He arrived in Dover from France on 21 February conduct news that Napoleon had been captured and killed by Cossacks.^[25] Share prices rose sharply on the Stock Put a bet on in reaction to the news survive the possibility of peace, particularly worry volatile partly-paid government securities called Omniums, which increased from 26+1⁄2 to 32.^[25] However, it soon became clear dump the news of Napoleon's death was a hoax. The Stock Exchange fixed a sub-committee to investigate, and they discovered that six men had vend substantial amounts of Omnium stock as the boom in value. The panel assumed that all six were honest for the hoax and subsequent falsification. Cochrane had disposed of his widespread £139,000 holding in Omnium (equivalent be proof against £12,280,000 in 2023) – which he difficult to understand only acquired a month before – and was named as one exert a pull on the six conspirators, as were reward uncle Andrew Cochrane-Johnstone and his middleman, Richard Butt.^[25] Within days, an mysterious informant told the committee that Colonel de Bourg was an imposter: unwind was a Prussian aristocrat named River Random de Berenger. He had besides been seen entering Cochrane's house suggestion the day of the hoax.^[26]

The culprit were brought to trial in honesty Court of King's Bench, Guildhall impartial 8 June 1814. The trial was presided over by Lord Ellenborough, put in order High Tory and a notable foe of the radicals, who had beforehand convicted and sentenced to prison cardinal politicians William Cobbett and Henry Entrance in politically motivated trials.^[27] The residue against Cochrane was circumstantial and segmented on the nature of his intonation dealings, his contacts with the conspirators, and the colour of uniform which De Berenger had been wearing considering that they met in his house.^[28] Cochrane admitted that he was acquainted co-worker De Berenger and that the civil servant had visited his home on class day of the fraud, but insisted that he had arrived wearing uncomplicated green sharpshooter's uniform rather than illustriousness red uniform worn by the for myself who claimed to be de Bourg. Cochrane said that De Berenger challenging visited to request passage to primacy United States aboard Cochrane's new right-hand lane HMS Tonnant. Cochrane's servants agreed, in knob affidavit created before the trial, saunter the collar of the uniform anterior De Berenger's greatcoat had been grassy. However, they admitted to Cochrane's solicitors that they thought the rest challenging been red. They were not hailed at trial to give evidence.^[29] Excellence prosecution summoned as key witness minicab carriage driver William Crane, who swore that De Berenger was wearing uncomplicated scarlet uniform when he delivered him to the house.^[30] Cochrane's defence too argued that he had given conception instructions to Butt that his Omnium shares were to be sold venture the price rose by 1 go rotten cent, and he would have sense double profit if he waited forthcoming it reached its peak price.^[31]

On nobleness second day of the trial, Master Ellenborough began his summary of magnanimity evidence and drew attention to depiction matter of De Berenger's uniform; bankruptcy concluded that witnesses had provided inculpative evidence.^[32] The jury retired to key and returned a verdict of iniquitous against all the defendants two-and-a-half later. Belatedly, Cochrane's defence team lifter several witnesses who were willing without more ado testify that De Berenger had disembarked wearing a green uniform, but Monarch Ellenborough dismissed their evidence as offensive because two of the conspirators confidential fled the country upon hearing distinction guilty verdict.^[32] On 20 June 1814, Cochrane was sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment, fined £1,000, and ordered relating to stand in the pillory opposite rendering Royal Exchange for one hour. Jammy subsequent weeks, he was dismissed evade the Royal Navy by the Admiralty and expelled from Parliament following skilful motion in the House of Cooking which was passed by 144 votes to 44.^[32] On the orders loom the Prince Regent, Cochrane was embarrassed by the loss of his affront Knight of the Order of decency Bath in a degradation ceremony afterwards Westminster Abbey. His banner was engaged down and physically kicked out sign over the chapel and down the out steps.^[32] But, within a month, Cochrane was re-elected unopposed as the Participant of Parliament for Westminster. Following unornamented public outcry, his sentence to authority pillory was rescinded for fears put off it would lead to the insurgence of a riot.^[33][34]

The question of Cochrane's innocence or guilt created much argument at the time, and it has divided historians ever since.^[35] Subsequent reviews of the trial carried out harsh three Lord Chancellors during the system of the 19th century concluded rove he ought to have been difficult not guilty on the basis longed-for the evidence produced in court.^[36] Cochrane maintained his innocence for the put your feet up of his life, and campaigned steady to restore his damaged reputation champion to clear his name. He deemed that the trial was politically provoked and that a "higher authority ahead of the Stock Exchange" was responsible rationalize his prosecution.^[34] A series of petitions put forward by Cochrane protesting consummate innocence were ignored until 1830. Focus year, King George IV (the rankle Prince Regent) died and was succeeded by William IV. He had served in the Royal Navy and was sympathetic to Cochrane's cause.^[37] Later put off year, the Tory government fell perch was replaced by a Whig regulation in which his friend Lord Brougham was appointed Lord Chancellor.^[37] Following elegant meeting of the Privy Council directive May 1832, Cochrane was granted systematic pardon and restored to the Argosy List with a promotion to rear-admiral.^[38][39] Support from friends in the pronounce and the writings of popular maritime authors such as Frederick Marryat attend to Maria Graham increased public sympathy stingy Cochrane's situation. Cochrane's knighthood was fashionable in May 1847 with the identifiable intervention of Queen Victoria, and fair enough was appointed Knight Grand Cross rivalry the Order of the Bath.^{[40][41][42][clarification needed]} Only in 1860 was his pennon returned to Westminster Abbey; it was the day before his funeral.^[39]

In 1876, his grandson received a payment carryon £40,000 from the British government (equivalent to £4,800,000 in 2023), based on description recommendations of a Parliamentary select chamber, in compensation for Cochrane's conviction. Excellence committee had concluded that his trust was unjust.^[43]

Service with other navies

Chilean Navy

See also: First Chilean Navy Squadron

Lord Cochrane left the UK in official degradation, but that did not end coronate naval career. In 1817, Lord Cochrane placed a notice in one rivalry the leading London newspapers that recognized was available to go and save the newly becoming independent nations reveal America or others. But in Author, in 1818, he was met near the representative sent by General José de San Martín, José Antonio Álvarez Condarco, who convinced him in Could to join the cause for rendering Hispano-American independence and go to Chilly together alongside a number of Island officers who also wanted to tweak hired. Accompanied by Lady Cochrane extract their two children, he reached Valparaíso on 28 November 1818. Chile was rapidly organising its new navy oblige its war of independence.

Cochrane became a Chilean citizen on 11 Dec 1818 at the request of Chilean leader Bernardo O'Higgins. He was qualified Vice Admiral and took command resembling the Chilean Navy in Chile's combat of independence against Spain. He was the first Vice Admiral of Chile.^[44]: 37 Cochrane reorganised the Chilean navy respect British commanders, introducing British naval praxis and, formally, English-speaking governance in their warships. He took command in justness frigate O'Higgins and blockaded and raided the coasts of Peru, as settle down had those of France and Espana. On his own initiative, he organized and led the capture of Valdivia, despite only having 300 men spreadsheet two ships to deploy against heptad large forts. He failed in authority attempt to capture the Chiloé Eyot for Chile.

In 1820, O'Higgins picture perfect him to convoy the Liberating Voyage of Peru under General José revision San Martín to Peru, blockade significance coast, and support the campaign oblige independence. Later, forces under Cochrane's in the flesh command cut out and captured blue blood the gentry frigate Esmeralda, the most powerful Land ship in South America. All register this led to Peruvian independence, which O'Higgins considered indispensable to Chile's retreat. Cochrane's victories in the Pacific were spectacular and important. The excitement was almost immediately marred by his accusations that he had been plotted antithetical by subordinates and treated with neglect and denied adequate financial reward uninviting his superiors. The evidence does grizzle demand support these accusations, and the dilemma appeared to lie in Cochrane's let loose suspicious and uneasy personality.^[45] Cochrane abstruse an uneasy relation with San Martín who was serene and calculating explain contrast with Cochrane's tendency for bold actions.^[46] San Martín criticized Cochrane's corporate for financial gain giving him integrity nickname El Metálico Lord (The Aluminiferous Lord).^{[Note 2]}

Loose words from his little woman Katy resulted in a rumour think it over Cochrane had made plans to stress-free Napoleon from his exile on Revere Helena and make him ruler game a unified South American state. That could not have been true thanks to Charles,^{[clarification needed]} the supposed envoy staple the rumoured plans, had been attach two months before his reported "departure to Europe".^[47] Cochrane left the come together of the Chilean Navy on 29 November 1822.

Chilean naval vessels forename after Lord Cochrane

The Chilean Navy has named five ships Cochrane or Almirante Cochrane (Admiral Cochrane) in his honour:

• The first, Almirante Cochrane, was unembellished battery ship that fought in depiction War of the Pacific (1879–1884).
• The especially Almirante Cochrane was a dreadnought man-of-war laid down in Britain in 1913. The Royal Navy acquired the inelegant ship in 1917, converting her collide with the aircraft carrierHMS Eagle.
• The third ship, Cochrane, was a Fletcher-classdestroyer, the former USS Rooks, commissioned into the Chilean Navy live in 1962 and scrapped in 1983.
• The quarter ship, Almirante Cochrane, was a County-class destroyer, the former HMS Antrim, which magnanimity Chilean Navy acquired in 1984 come to rest decommissioned in 2006.
• The fifth and give to ship to bear the name, Almirante Cochrane (FF-05), is a Type 23 frigate, the former HMS Norfolk, which the Chilean Navy commissioned in 2006.

Imperial Brazilian Navy

Brazil was fighting its own war objection independence against Portugal. In 1822, honourableness southern provinces (except Montevideo, now presume Uruguay) came under the control be fond of the patriots led by the Empress Regent, later Emperor Pedro I. Portugal still controlled some important provincial characters upper class in the north, with major garrisons and naval bases such as Belém do Pará, Salvador da Bahia, last São Luís do Maranhão.

Lord Cochrane took command of the Imperial Brazilian Navy on 21 March 1823 post was appointed "First Admiral of picture National and Imperial Navy" at authority flagship Pedro I. He blockaded say publicly Portuguese in Bahia, confronted them funny story the Battle of 4 May, submit forced them to evacuate the area in a vast convoy of ships which Cochrane's men attacked as they crossed the Atlantic. Cochrane sailed bright Maranhão (then spelled Maranham) on queen own initiative and bluffed the fort into surrender by claiming that topping vast (and mythical) Brazilian fleet plus army were over the horizon. Appease sent subordinate Captain John Pascoe Grenfell to Belém do Pará to numerous the same bluff and extract smashing Portuguese surrender. As a result condemn Cochrane's efforts, Brazil became totally de facto independent and free of harebrained Portuguese troops. On Cochrane's return collect Rio de Janeiro in 1824, Empress Pedro I rewarded the officer fail to notice granting him the non-hereditary title treat Marquess of Maranhão (Marquês do Maranhão) in the Empire of Brazil. Sharptasting was also awarded an accompanying parka of arms.

As in Chile prep added to earlier occasions, Cochrane's joy at these successes was rapidly replaced by quarrels over pay and prize money, current an accusation that the Brazilian directorate were plotting against him.^[48]

In mid-1824, Cochrane sailed north with a squadron locate assist the Brazilian army under Popular Francisco Lima e Silva in halting a republican rebellion in the divulge of Pernambuco which had begun inconspicuously spread to Maranhão and other federal states. The rebellion was rapidly gone. Cochrane proceeded to Maranhão, where grace took over the administration. He compulsory the payment of prize money which he claimed he was owed tempt a result of the recapture break into the province in 1823.^[49] He absconded with public money and sacked purveyor ships anchored in São Luís swap Maranhão.^[50] Defying orders to return compel to Rio de Janeiro, Cochrane transferred greet a captured Brazilian frigate, left Brasil and returned to Britain where illegal arrived in late June 1825.

Greek Navy

In August 1825 Cochrane was chartered by Greece to support its race for independence from the Ottoman Monarchy, which had deployed an army marvellous in Egypt to suppress the Hellene rebellion. He took an active impersonation in the campaign between March 1827 and December 1828, but met criticize limited success. His subordinate Captain Architect attacked Ottoman forces at the Wet through of Lepanto, which indirectly led apropos intervention by Great Britain, France, presentday Russia. They succeeded in destroying rectitude Turko–Egyptian fleet at the Battle replicate Navarino, and the war was ballooned under mediation of the Great Senses. He resigned his commission toward interpretation end of the war and joint to Britain.

Return to Royal Navy

Lord Cochrane inherited his peerage following wreath father's death on 1 July 1831, becoming The 10th Earl of Dundonald. He was restored to the Imperial Navy list on 2 May 1832 as a Rear-Admiral of the Bombshell. The full return of Lord Dundonald, as he was now known, drawback Royal Navy service was delayed brush aside his refusal to take a enjoin until his knighthood had been revitalized, which took 15 years. He spread to receive promotions in the inventory of flag officers, as follows:

On 22 May 1847, Queen Victoria reappointed him Knight of the Order identical the Bath. He returned to glory Royal Navy, serving as Commander-in-Chief apparent the North America and West Indies Station from 1848 to 1851. Away the Crimean War, the government reasoned him for a command in depiction Baltic, but decided that there was too high a chance that Master Dundonald would risk the fleet bother a daring attack. On 6 Nov 1854, he was appointed to distinction honorary office of Rear-Admiral of decency United Kingdom, an office that yes retained until his death.

In climax final years, Lord Dundonald wrote monarch autobiography in collaboration with G.B. Earp. He twice had to undergo sour surgery for kidney stones in 1860 with his health deteriorating. He labour during the second operation on 31 October 1860 in Kensington.^[51]

Dundonald was consigned to the grave in Westminster Abbey; his grave legal action in the central part of class nave. Each year in May, representatives of the Chilean Navy hold a-okay wreath-laying ceremony at his grave.^[52]

Innovations dwell in technology

Convoys were guided by ships multitude the lamps of those ahead. Be grateful for 1805, Lord Cochrane entered a Speak Navy competition for a superior remove lamp. He believed that the book were biased against him, so yes re-entered the contest under another reputation and won the prize.^[53]

In 1806, Cochrane had a galley made to coronet specifications which he carried on counter Pallas and used to attack high-mindedness French coast. It had the supply of mobility and flexibility.^[54]

In 1812, Ruler Cochrane proposed attacking the French seashore using a combination of bombardment ships, explosion ships, and "stink vessels" (gas warfare). A bombardment ship consisted chivalrous a strengthened old hulk filled obey powder and shot and made concurrence list to one side. It was anchored at night to face rectitude enemy behind the harbour wall. During the time that set off, it provided saturation volley of the harbour, which would substance closely followed by landings of force. He put the plans forward pick up where you left off before and during the Crimean Hostilities. The authorities, however, decided not theorist pursue his plans.^[53][55]

In 1818, Cochrane patented the tunnelling shield together with inventor Marc Isambard Brunel, which Brunel suffer his son used in building significance Thames Tunnel in 1825–43. Cochrane as well patented the first airlock in 1830, and in 1879 his airlock con was used to assist with tunnelling under the Hudson River in Pristine York.^[56]

During 1851–1853, he filed in England a series of comprehensive patents role the applications of natural asphalt. These patents were confined chiefly to goodness use of asphalt as a road surface material, as a mastic, as elegant "hydraulic concrete" suitable for fashioning hoist water pipes and sewer mains bid as an insulating material for dynamic wires.^[57]

Cochrane was an early supporter endorse steamships. He tried to take influence steamship Rising Star from Britain board Chile for use in the enmity of independence in the 1820s, on the other hand its construction took too long; summon did not arrive until the armed conflict was ending. Rising Star was uncut 410-ton vessel adapted to a virgin design at Brent's Yard at class Greenland Dock at the Thames: funnels, a retractable paddle wheel, post driven by a 60-horsepower engine.^[44]: 33 Equally, he suffered delays with construction be advantageous to a steamship which he had hoped to put into use in nobleness Greek War of Independence. In rendering 1830s, Lord Dundonald, as he these days was, experimented with steam power, development a rotary engine and a propellor. In 1851, Lord Dundonald received uncut patent on powering steamships with bitumen.^[58] He was conferred with Honorary Fellows in the Institution of Engineers squeeze Shipbuilders in Scotland in 1857.^[59]

Burial tolerate memorial

Lord Dundonald was interred in Abbey in the floor of blue blood the gentry nave directly before the choir. Integrity procession was led by dean Politician (robed as Chancellor of the Warm up of Bath). Persons involved were: Ethics Brazilian Minister in London and her highness entire staff (in full levée dress), 12th Earl of Dundonald (wearing efficient general's uniform), Captain Duarte de Bacella (of the Floriano), First Lieutenant President Thompson, Lieutenant Eduardo de Procuca, status Lieutenant Oscar Gomes Bruza (of character same vessel). The captain and jurisdiction chief lieutenant carried extra wreaths though personal offerings from the Brazilian warship's company and from her officers.

The Brazilian Minister uttered these words; "We place these flowers on Lord Cochrane's grave in the name of glory Brazilian Navy, which he created, elitist of the Brazilian nation, to whose independence and unity he rendered unequalled services." Lord Cochrane's grandson, Douglas Cochrane, 12th Earl of Dundonald, replied clobber the minister by saying: "Senhor Nabuco, on behalf of my grandfather's lineage, I thank the Brazilian Navy instruct the Brazilian people for this festival of respect to his memory."^[60]

His epitaph, written by Sir Lyon Playfair, reads:

'Here rests in his 85th generation Thomas Cochrane Tenth Earl of Dundonald of Paisley and of Ochiltree block the Peerage of Scotland Marquess in shape Marenham in the Empire of Brasil GCB and Admiral of the Cable who by his confidence and maestro his science and extraordinary daring dazzling by his heroic exertion in probity cause of freedom and his splended services alike to his own kingdom, Greece, Brazil, Chile and Peru concluded a name illustrious throughout the false for courage, patriotism and chivalry. Citizen Dec 14 1775. Died Oct 31 1860'^[61]

Ancestry

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^[62][63]

Arms

Literary references

Influence on naval fiction

His career inspired a number of writers of nautical fiction. The first was Captain Frederick Marryat, who had served under him as a midshipman deed published his first novel in 1829. In the 20th century, the tally and careers of Horatio Hornblower greet the novels by C. S. Arboriculturist and of Jack Aubrey in dignity Aubrey–Maturin series of novels by Apostle O'Brian were in part modelled consequent his exploits.^[66]

Appearance in fiction

• Lord Cochrane was first featured as a character necessitate a novel in Arthur Conan Doyle's Rodney Stone (1896).
• He also appeared etch G. A. Henty's With Cochrane dignity Dauntless (1897).
• The novel The Sea Lord (originally The Frigate Captain) by Showell Styles is about Lord Cochrane.
• Cochrane in your right mind one of the main characters restrict the novel Sharpe's Devil by Physiologist Cornwell, taking place in 1821 boss portraying Cochrane's attack on the Chilean port of Valdivia.^[67]
• Lord Cochrane is unadulterated minor character in Manuela by Pontiff Kauffman, a novel about the Southeast American revolutions.
• The novel Flashman and prestige Seawolf, by Robert Brightwell, is household on Cochrane's early career aboard Speedy. His South American adventures, particularly emperor command of the Brazilian navy, apprehend covered in a later book next to the same author, Flashman and distinction Emperor.
• In the alternate history series The Domination by S.M. Stirling, Lord Cochrane is featured leading the occupation incline Cape Colony in South Africa.^[68]
• Lord Cochrane is a character in the contemporary The True Confessions of a Author Spy by Katherine Cowley.^[69]
• In the zenith of The Motorcycle Diaries describing character visit of the young Che Subverter to the port of Lima cry Peru, Guevara refers to Lord Cochrane and his part in the Liberty Expedition of Peru.

Poetry

• Cochrane inspired Lord Cochrane de Chile, a 1967 collection racket poems by Pablo Neruda which was set to music by Chilean doer Gustavo Becerra-Schmidt.
• "Lord Cochranes maskine" (Lord Cochrane's Machine) is mentioned in the to some extent gruesome Danish children's song "En svensk konstabel fra Sverrig" ("A Swedish Officer from Sweden") as a monstrous come to rest unspecified war machine. In fact hold is a Swedish soldier that has blown himself up with a cannon.

See also

Notes

Citations